The Dua of Adam (peace be upon him) is the supplication he made for forgiveness after he and Hawwa (Eve) disobeyed Allah by eating from the forbidden tree. This supplication is mentioned in Surah Al-A'raf (7:23): رَبَّنَا ظَلَمْنَا أَنفُسَنَا وَإِن لَّمْ تَغْفِرْ لَنَا وَتَرْحَمْنَا لَنَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْخَاسِرِينَ Transliteration: Rabbana ẓalamna anfusana wa in lam taghfir lana wa tarhamna lanakoonanna mina al-khasireen Translation: "Our Lord, we have wronged ourselves, and if You do not forgive us and have mercy upon us, we will surely be among the losers."
The Dua of Lut (Lot), peace be upon him, is mentioned in the Quran when he sought help from Allah against the wickedness of his people. This supplication is found in Surah Al-Ankabut (29:30): رَبِّ ٱنصُرْنِى عَلَى ٱلْقَوْمِ ٱلْمُفْسِدِينَ Transliteration: Rabbi ɡnsurni 'ala al-qawm al-mufsidin Translation: "My Lord, support me against the corrupting people."
The Dua of Prophet Ayyub (Job), peace be upon him, is a powerful supplication he made when he was afflicted with severe illness and loss. This dua is mentioned in Surah Al-Anbiya (21:83-84): أَنِّى مَسَّنِىَ ٱلضُّرُّ وَأَنتَ أَرْحَمُ ٱلرَّٰحِمِينَ Transliteration: anni massaniya ad-durru wa anta arhamur-raahimeen Translation: 'Indeed, adversity has touched me, and You are the Most Merciful of the merciful.'
The Dua of Prophet Sulayman (Solomon), peace be upon him, is a supplication he made asking for a kingdom that would be unique and a manifestation of Allah's bounty and mercy. This dua is mentioned in Surah Sad (38:35): قَالَ رَبِّ ٱغْفِرْ لِى وَهَبْ لِى مُلْكًۭا لَّا يَنبَغِى لِأَحَدٍۢ مِّنۢ بَعْدِىٓ ۖ إِنَّكَ أَنتَ ٱلْوَهَّابُ Transliteration: Qala Rabbi ighfir li wahab li mulkan la yanbaghi li-ahadin min ba'di innaka anta al-wahhab Translation: "He said, 'My Lord, forgive me and grant me a kingdom such as will not belong to anyone after me. Indeed, You are the Bestower.'"
The Dua of Musa (Moses) is a powerful supplication he made when he fled from Egypt to Midian, feeling vulnerable and in need of Allah's help. The Quran mentions this supplication in Surah Al-Qasas (28:24): رَبِّ إِنِّي لِمَا أَنْزَلْتَ إِلَيَّ مِنْ خَيْرٍ فَقِيرٌ Transliteration: Rabbi inni lima anzalta ilayya min khayrin faqir Translation: "My Lord, indeed I am, for whatever good You would send down to me, in need."
The Dua of Yunus (Jonah), peace be upon him, is a powerful supplication he made while he was in the belly of the whale. This dua is mentioned in Surah Al-Anbiya (21:87): لَّآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّآ أَنتَ سُبْحَـٰنَكَ إِنِّى كُنتُ مِنَ ٱلظَّـٰلِمِينَ Transliteration: Lā ilāha illā anta subḥānaka innī kuntu min aẓ-ẓālimīn Translation: "There is no deity except You; exalted are You. Indeed, I have been of the wrongdoers."
The Dua of Prophet Zakariyya (Zechariah), peace be upon him, is specifically mentioned in Surah Al-Imran (3:38-41) when he prayed for a righteous offspring. Here is the dua: رَبِّ هَبْ لِي مِن لَّدُنكَ ذُرِّيَّةًۭ طَيِّبَةً ۖ إِنَّكَ سَمِيعُ ٱلدُّعَآءِ Transliteration: Rabbi hab li min ladunka dhurriyyatan tayyibatan innaka sami'u ad-du'a Translation: "My Lord, grant me from Yourself a good offspring. Indeed, You are the Hearer of supplication."